the Kali Linux - The Most Used OS By Hackers

It takes a long time to write and not to write. It's really not working. I have a mind. However. I am writing a lesson pdf (a text book-style course book) that will help you understand Web Hacking in special detail for the course. Including spending time with my 7-month-old son. What's worse is that the longer you look at the screen, the bluer your eyes are, the more you delay what you want to write. I'm going to try to post regularly instead of just like this. The picture I am using is a gift from someone. It's been a long time since he gave it to me 😁😂😂😂

Thank you for the picture. I don't remember who brought it. Forgive me for that. I will use this image until the end of this book. Thank you ☺️

CHAPTER 1

About Kali Linux

1.1. History of Kali

Kali is an enterprise-ready security auditing Linux distribution that comes with many tools for hacking. Kali is based on Debian GNU/Linux. It is mainly designed for security professionals and IT administrators. That's why Ubuntu is different from other Debian Linux.

That's why we will mainly use it for work such as Penetration Testing, Forensic analysis and Security Auditing. Before discussing these, I would like to talk about the terms Linux, Linux Distribution and GNU/Linux.

When we see Linux, we usually think of an operating system like Windows, Mac OS, Android, etc. In fact, Linux is just a kernel. Kernel is a software component created to deal with the interaction between hardware and applications in our computer (keyboard and mouse). Linux Kernel can be downloaded from kernel.org. It's just over 100MB. Linux is modeled on the Unix Operating System.

Linux Distribution means the entire Operating System built on the Linux Kernel mentioned above. We already know that Operating System is the main driving system that provides a management shell to install and use applications on our computers and perform other functions. Among the many Linux Distros (Linux Distributions), Debian GNU/Linux is one of the leading distributions.

An operating system needs to have the necessary programs to carry out basic operations. Only then can we accept instructions from users. can read Can write data. Storing files in HDD, You can print. etc. will be able to create communication with the user. One of the most important parts of an operating system is the kernel. That's why GNU Operating System used Linux as Kernel. Since Linux is Kernel Only, it cannot do anything on its own. That's why the Linux we use should be called GNU Linux. The term "Linux" can easily be confused with the importance of GNU.

Linux is modeled on the Unix Operating System. GNU/Linux became GNU/Linux after 1984, when the Free Software Foundation (fsf) started developing a Unix-like operating system called GNU. You can learn more about the Free Software Foundation at fsf.org. fsf member idol Edward Snowden's memorable words mentioned in fsf can also be found below.

More about GNU ==> https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html

Now, let’s start talking about Kali 😁

There was the project called BackTrack Linux before Kali Linux. BackTrack Official Website

You can see the information about BackTrack . It is changed from BackTrack to Kali since 2013 and redirect to kali.org. The first Kali was released in 2013 while the project was based on Debian Linux since 2012.

From then on, kali 1.1, ... were released.

After 2015, we reached Kali Linux 2.0, and from leaving KDE as the default desktop environment, we started using Gnome as the default. In 2020, using xfce4, the lightest and most dynamic state was changed to the default. However, if you prefer Gnome, you can use it. Even if you are KDE crazy, you can choose KDE permission from the start of the installation yourself, and you can change it later. The advantage of default xfce4 (lightdm) is kali-undercover mode. Undercover is a tool that makes Kali Linux look like Windows 10. With Kali, you can avoid the eyesore situation at the office and protect your computer from people's attention in crowded places.

In 2016, it was released together with Kali Linux 2016.1, 2016.2, etc.

As of this writing, Kali's release history is included below.

Kali Linux Release History

We release fresh images of Kali Linux every few months as a result of accumulative fixes, major security updates, installer updates, etc.

Please see https://bugs.kali.org/changelog_page.php for the most up-to-date log of changes.

Kali 2020.4 – 18th November, 2020 – The fourth 2020 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 5.9.0, Xfce 4.14.4

Kali 2020.3 – 18th August, 2020 – The third 2020 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 5.7.0, Xfce 4.14.4
Kali 2020.2 – 12th May, 2020 – The second 2020 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 5.5.0, Xfce 4.14.4
Kali 2020.1b – 18th March, 2020 – Minor BugFix release (Offline setup issue).
Kali 2020.1a – 13th February, 2020 – Minor BugFix release (xserver-xorg issue).
Kali 2020.1 – 28th January, 2020 – The first 2020 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 5.4.0, Xfce 4.14.2
Kali 2019.4 – 26th November, 2019 – The fourth 2019 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 5.3.9, Xfce 4.14.1
Kali 2019.3 – 2nd September, 2019 – The third 2019 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 5.2.9, GNOME 3.30.2
Kali 2019.2 – 21st May, 2019 – The second 2019 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.19.28, GNOME 3.30.2
Kali 2019.1a – 4th March, 2019 – Minor BugFix release (VMware Installer).
Kali 2019.1 – 18th February, 2019 – The first 2019 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.19.13, GNOME 3.30.2
Kali 2018.4 – 29th October, 2018 – The fourth 2018 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.18.0, GNOME 3.30.1
Kali 2018.3 – 27th August, 2018 – The third 2018 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.17.0, GNOME 3.28.2
Kali 2018.2 – 30th April, 2018 – The second 2018 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.15.0, GNOME 3.28.0
Kali 2018.1 – 6th February, 2018 – The first 2018 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.14.12, GNOME 3.26.2
Kali 2017.3 – 21st November, 2017 – The third 2017 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.13, GNOME 3.26
Kali 2017.2 – 20th September, 2017 – The second 2017 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.12, GNOME 3.25.
Kali 2017.1 – 25th April, 2017 – The first 2017 Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.9, GNOME 3.22.
Kali 2016.2 – 31st August, 2016 – The second Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.6, GNOME 3.20.2.
Kali 2016.1 – 21st January, 2016 – The first Kali Rolling release. Kernel 4.3, GNOME 3.18.
Kali 2.0 – 11th August, 2015 – Major release, “safi”, now a rolling distribution, major UI changes.
Kali 1.1.0a – 13th March, 2015 – No fanfare release fixing kernel ABI inconsistencies in the installers.
Kali 1.1.0 – 9th Febuary, 2015 – First dot release in 2 years. New kernel, new tools and updates.
Kali 1.0.9a – 6th October, 2014 – Security BugFix release covering shellshock and Debian apt vulnerabilities.
Kali 1.0.9 – 25th August, 2014 – BugFix release including installer and a set of tool updates and package fixes.
Kali 1.0.8 – 22nd July, 2014 – EFI Support for our “full” ISOs and a set of tool updates and package fixes.
Kali 1.0.7 – 27th May, 2014 – Kernel 3.14, tool updates, package fixes, Kali Live Encrypted USB Persistence.
Kali 1.0.6 – 9th January, 2014 – Kernel 3.12, cryptsetup nuke option, Amazon AMI, ARM build scripts.
Kali 1.0.5 – 5th September, 2013 – BugFix rollup. LVM Encrypted installs, Software Defined Radio (SDR) tools.
Kali 1.0.4 – 25th July, 2013 – BugFix rollup. Penetration testing tool additions and updates.
Kali 1.0.3 – 26th April, 2013 – BugFix rollup. New accessibility features. Added live Desktop installer.
Kali 1.0.2 – 27th March, 2013 – Minor BugFix release and update roll-up.
Kali 1.0.1 – 14th March, 2013 – Minor BugFix release (USB Keyboard).
Kali 1.0.0 – 13th March, 2013 – Initial release, “moto”.